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3. Mac Os Ftp Command

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AzCopy is a command-line utility that you can use to copy blobs or files to or from a storage account. This article helps you download AzCopy, connect to your storage account, and then transfer files.

Note

AzCopy V10 is the currently supported version of AzCopy.

If you need to use a previous version of AzCopy, see the Use the previous version of AzCopy section of this article.

Download AzCopy

First, download the AzCopy V10 executable file to any directory on your computer. AzCopy V10 is just an executable file, so there's nothing to install.

• Windows 64-bit (zip)
• Windows 32-bit (zip)
• Linux x86-64 (tar)
• MacOS (zip)

These files are compressed as a zip file (Windows and Mac) or a tar file (Linux). To download and decompress the tar file on Linux, see the documentation for your Linux distribution.

Note

If you want to copy data to and from your Azure Table storage service, then install AzCopy version 7.3.

Run AzCopy

For convenience, consider adding the directory location of the AzCopy executable to your system path for ease of use. That way you can type azcopy from any directory on your system.

If you choose not to add the AzCopy directory to your path, you'll have to change directories to the location of your AzCopy executable and type azcopy or .azcopy in Windows PowerShell command prompts.

To see a list of commands, type azcopy -h and then press the ENTER key.

To learn about a specific command, just include the name of the command (For example: azcopy list -h).

To find detailed reference documentation for each command and command parameter, see azcopy

Note

As an owner of your Azure Storage account, you aren't automatically assigned permissions to access data. Before you can do anything meaningful with AzCopy, you need to decide how you'll provide authorization credentials to the storage service.

Choose how you'll provide authorization credentials

You can provide authorization credentials by using Azure Active Directory (AD), or by using a Shared Access Signature (SAS) token.

Use this table as a guide:

Storage type	Currently supported method of authorization
Blob storage	Azure AD & SAS
Blob storage (hierarchical namespace)	Azure AD & SAS
File storage	SAS only

Option 1: Use Azure Active Directory

By using Azure Active Directory, you can provide credentials once instead of having to append a SAS token to each command.

Note

In the current release, if you plan to copy blobs between storage accounts, you'll have to append a SAS token to each source URL. You can omit the SAS token only from the destination URL. For examples, see Copy blobs between storage accounts.

The level of authorization that you need is based on whether you plan to upload files or just download them.

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If you just want to download files, then verify that the Storage Blob Data Reader has been assigned to your user identity, managed identity, or service principal.

User identities, managed identities, and service principals are each a type of security principal, so we'll use the term security principal for the remainder of this article.

If you want to upload files, then verify that one of these roles has been assigned to your security principal:

These roles can be assigned to your security principal in any of these scopes:

• Container (file system)
• Storage account
• Resource group
• Subscription

To learn how to verify and assign roles, see Grant access to Azure blob and queue data with RBAC in the Azure portal.

Note

Keep in mind that Azure role assignments can take up to five minutes to propagate.

You don't need to have one of these roles assigned to your security principal if your security principal is added to the access control list (ACL) of the target container or directory. In the ACL, your security principal needs write permission on the target directory, and execute permission on container and each parent directory.

To learn more, see Access control in Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2.

Authenticate a user identity

After you've verified that your user identity has been given the necessary authorization level, open a command prompt, type the following command, and then press the ENTER key.

If you receive an error, try including the tenant ID of the organization to which the storage account belongs.

Replace the <tenant-id> placeholder with the tenant ID of the organization to which the storage account belongs. To find the tenant ID, select Azure Active Directory > Properties > Directory ID in the Azure portal.

This command returns an authentication code and the URL of a website. Open the website, provide the code, and then choose the Next button.

A sign-in window will appear. In that window, sign into your Azure account by using your Azure account credentials. After you've successfully signed in, you can close the browser window and begin using AzCopy.

Authenticate a service principal

This is a great option if you plan to use AzCopy inside of a script that runs without user interaction, particularly when running on-premises. If you plan to run AzCopy on VMs that run in Azure, a managed service identity is easier to administer. To learn more, see the Authenticate a managed identity section of this article.

Before you run a script, you have to sign-in interactively at least one time so that you can provide AzCopy with the credentials of your service principal. Those credentials are stored in a secured and encrypted file so that your script doesn't have to provide that sensitive information.

You can sign into your account by using a client secret or by using the password of a certificate that is associated with your service principal's app registration.

To learn more about creating service principal, see How to: Use the portal to create an Azure AD application and service principal that can access resources.

To learn more about service principals in general, see Application and service principal objects in Azure Active Directory

Using a client secret

Start by setting the AZCOPY_SPA_CLIENT_SECRET environment variable to the client secret of your service principal's app registration.

Note

Make sure to set this value from your command prompt, and not in the environment variable settings of your operating system. That way, the value is available only to the current session.

This example shows how you could do this in PowerShell.

Note

Consider using a prompt as shown in this example. That way, your password won't appear in your console's command history.

Next, type the following command, and then press the ENTER key.

Replace the <application-id> placeholder with the application ID of your service principal's app registration. Replace the <tenant-id> placeholder with the tenant ID of the organization to which the storage account belongs. To find the tenant ID, select Azure Active Directory > Properties > Directory ID in the Azure portal.

Using a certificate

If you prefer to use your own credentials for authorization, you can upload a certificate to your app registration, and then use that certificate to login.

In addition to uploading your certificate to your app registration, you'll also need to have a copy of the certificate saved to the machine or VM where AzCopy will be running. This copy of the certificate should be in .PFX or .PEM format, and must include the private key. The private key should be password-protected. If you're using Windows, and your certificate exists only in a certificate store, make sure to export that certificate to a PFX file (including the private key). For guidance, see Export-PfxCertificate

Next, set the AZCOPY_SPA_CERT_PASSWORD environment variable to the certificate password.

Note

Make sure to set this value from your command prompt, and not in the environment variable settings of your operating system. That way, the value is available only to the current session.

This example shows how you could do this task in PowerShell.

Next, type the following command, and then press the ENTER key.

Replace the <path-to-certificate-file> placeholder with the relative or fully-qualified path to the certificate file. AzCopy saves the path to this certificate but it doesn't save a copy of the certificate, so make sure to keep that certificate in place. Replace the <tenant-id> placeholder with the tenant ID of the organization to which the storage account belongs. To find the tenant ID, select Azure Active Directory > Properties > Directory ID in the Azure portal.

Note

Consider using a prompt as shown in this example. That way, your password won't appear in your console's command history.

Authenticate a managed identity

This is a great option if you plan to use AzCopy inside of a script that runs without user interaction, and the script runs from an Azure Virtual Machine (VM). When using this option, you won't have to store any credentials on the VM.

You can sign into your account by using the a system-wide managed identity that you've enabled on your VM, or by using the client ID, Object ID, or Resource ID of a user-assigned managed identity that you've assigned to your VM.

To learn more about how to enable a system-wide managed identity or create a user-assigned managed identity, see Configure managed identities for Azure resources on a VM using the Azure portal.

Using a system-wide managed identity

First, make sure that you've enabled a system-wide managed identity on your VM. See System-assigned managed identity.

Then, in your command console, type the following command, and then press the ENTER key.

Using a user-assigned managed identity

First, make sure that you've enabled a user-assigned managed identity on your VM. See User-assigned managed identity.

Then, in your command console, type any of the following commands, and then press the ENTER key.

Replace the <client-id> placeholder with the client ID of the user-assigned managed identity.

Replace the <object-id> placeholder with the object ID of the user-assigned managed identity.

Replace the <resource-id> placeholder with the resource ID of the user-assigned managed identity.

Option 2: Use a SAS token

You can append a SAS token to each source or destination URL that use in your AzCopy commands.

This example command recursively copies data from a local directory to a blob container. A fictitious SAS token is appended to the end of the of the container URL.

To learn more about SAS tokens and how to obtain one, see Using shared access signatures (SAS).

Transfer files

After you've authenticated your identity or obtained a SAS token, you can begin transferring files.

To find example commands, see any of these articles.

Use AzCopy in a script

Obtain a static download link

Over time, the AzCopy download link will point to new versions of AzCopy. If your script downloads AzCopy, the script might stop working if a newer version of AzCopy modifies features that your script depends upon.

To avoid these issues, obtain a static (un-changing) link to the current version of AzCopy. That way, your script downloads the same exact version of AzCopy each time that it runs.

To obtain the link, run this command:

Operating system	Command
Linux	curl -s -D- https://aka.ms/downloadazcopy-v10-linux grep ^Location
Windows	(curl https://aka.ms/downloadazcopy-v10-windows -MaximumRedirection 0 -ErrorAction silentlycontinue).headers.location

Note

For Linux, --strip-components=1 on the tar command removes the top-level folder that contains the version name, and instead extracts the binary directly into the current folder. This allows the script to be updated with a new version of azcopy by only updating the wget URL.

The URL appears in the output of this command. Your script can then download AzCopy by using that URL.

Operating system	Command
Linux	wget -O azcopy_v10.tar.gz https://aka.ms/downloadazcopy-v10-linux && tar -xf azcopy_v10.tar.gz --strip-components=1
Windows	Invoke-WebRequest https://azcopyvnext.azureedge.net/release20190517/azcopy_windows_amd64_10.1.2.zip -OutFile azcopyv10.zip <<Unzip here>>

Escape special characters in SAS tokens

In batch files that have the .cmd extension, you'll have to escape the % characters that appear in SAS tokens. You can do that by adding an additional % character next to existing % characters in the SAS token string.

Run scripts by using Jenkins

If you plan to use Jenkins to run scripts, make sure to place the following command at the beginning of the script.

Use AzCopy in Azure Storage Explorer

Storage Explorer uses AzCopy to perform all of its data transfer operations. You can use Storage Explorer if you want to leverage the performance advantages of AzCopy, but you prefer to use a graphical user interface rather than the command line to interact with your files.

Storage Explorer uses your account key to perform operations, so after you sign into Storage Explorer, you won't need to provide additional authorization credentials.

Use the previous version of AzCopy

If you need to use the previous version of AzCopy, see either of the following links:

Configure, optimize, and troubleshoot AzCopy

See Configure, optimize, and troubleshoot AzCopy

Next steps

If you have questions, issues, or general feedback, submit them on GitHub page.

Mac Command Line

Estimated reading time: 6 minutes

Docker Desktop for Mac is the Community version of Docker for Mac.You can download Docker Desktop for Mac from Docker Hub.

By downloading Docker Desktop, you agree to the terms of the Docker Software End User License Agreement and the Docker Data Processing Agreement.

What to know before you install

README FIRST for Docker Toolbox and Docker Machine users

If you are already running Docker on your machine, first readDocker Desktop for Mac vs. Docker Toolbox to understand theimpact of this installation on your existing setup, how to set your environmentfor Docker Desktop on Mac, and how the two products can coexist.

Relationship to Docker Machine: Installing Docker Desktop on Mac does not affect machines you created with Docker Machine. You have the option to copy containers and images from your local default machine (if one exists) to the Docker Desktop HyperKit VM. Whenyou are running Docker Desktop, you do not need Docker Machine nodes running locally (or anywhere else). With Docker Desktop, you have a new, nativevirtualization system running (HyperKit) which takes the place of theVirtualBox system. To learn more, see Docker Desktop for Mac vs. Docker Toolbox.

System requirements

Your Mac must meet the following requirements to successfully install Docker Desktop:

• Mac hardware must be a 2010 or a newer model, with Intel’s hardware support for memory management unit (MMU) virtualization, including Extended Page Tables (EPT) and Unrestricted Mode. You can check to see if your machine has this support by running the following command in a terminal: sysctl kern.hv_support

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  If your Mac supports the Hypervisor framework, the command prints kern.hv_support: 1.

• macOS must be version 10.13 or newer. That is, Catalina, Mojave, or High Sierra. We recommend upgrading to the latest version of macOS.

  If you experience any issues after upgrading your macOS to version 10.15, you must install the latest version of Docker Desktop to be compatible with this version of macOS.

  Note: Docker supports Docker Desktop on the most recent versions of macOS. That is, the current release of macOS and the previous two releases. Docker Desktop currently supports macOS Catalina, macOS Mojave, and macOS High Sierra.

  As new major versions of macOS are made generally available, Docker stops supporting the oldest version and support the newest version of macOS (in addition to the previous two releases).

• At least 4 GB of RAM.

• VirtualBox prior to version 4.3.30 must not be installed as it is not compatible with Docker Desktop.

What’s included in the installer

The Docker Desktop installation includes Docker Engine, Docker CLI client, Docker Compose, Notary, Kubernetes, and Credential Helper.

Install and run Docker Desktop on Mac

1. Double-click Docker.dmg to open the installer, then drag the Docker icon to the Applications folder.

2. Double-click Docker.app in the Applications folder to start Docker. (In the example below, the Applications folder is in “grid” view mode.)

   The Docker menu in the top status bar indicates that Docker Desktop is running, and accessible from a terminal.

   If you’ve just installed the app, Docker Desktop launches the onboarding tutorial. The tutorial includes a simple exercise to build an example Docker image, run it as a container, push and save the image to Docker Hub.

3. Click the Docker menu () to seePreferences and other options.

4. Select About Docker to verify that you have the latest version.

Congratulations! You are now successfully running Docker Desktop.

If you would like to rerun the tutorial, go to the Docker Desktop menu and select Learn.

Uninstall Docker Desktop

To unistall Docker Desktop from your Mac:

1. From the Docker menu, select Troubleshoot and then select Uninstall.
2. Click Uninstall to confirm your selection.

Note: Uninstalling Docker Desktop will destroy Docker containers and images local to the machine and remove the files generated by the application.

Mac Command Line List

Switch between Stable and Edge versions

Docker Desktop allows you to switch between Stable and Edge releases. However, you can only have one version of Docker Desktop installed at a time. Switching between Stable and Edge versions can destabilize your development environment, particularly in cases where you switch from a newer (Edge) channel to an older (Stable) channel.

For example, containers created with a newer Edge version of Docker Desktop maynot work after you switch back to Stable because they may have been createdusing Edge features that aren’t in Stable yet. Keep this in mind asyou create and work with Edge containers, perhaps in the spirit of a playgroundspace where you are prepared to troubleshoot or start over.

Experimental features are turned on by default on Edge releases. However, when you switch from a Stable to an Edge release, you must turn on the experimental features flag to access experimental features. From the Docker Desktop menu, click Preferences > Command Line and then turn on the Enable experimental features toggle. Click Apply & Restart for the changes to take effect.

To safely switch between Edge and Stable versions, ensure you save images and export the containers you need, then uninstall the current version before installing another. For more information, see the section Save and Restore data below.

Mac Os Ftp Command

Save and restore data

You can use the following procedure to save and restore images and container data. For example, if you want to switch between Edge and Stable, or to reset your VM disk:

1. Use docker save -o images.tar image1 [image2 ..] to save any images you want to keep. See save in the Docker Engine command line reference.

2. Use docker export -o myContainner1.tar container1 to export containers you want to keep. See export in the Docker Engine command line reference.

3. Uninstall the current version of Docker Desktop and install a different version (Stable or Edge), or reset your VM disk.

4. Use docker load -i images.tar to reload previously saved images. See load in the Docker Engine.

5. Use docker import -i myContainer1.tar to create a filesystem image corresponding to the previously exported containers. See import in the Docker Engine.

For information on how to back up and restore data volumes, see Backup, restore, or migrate data volumes.

Where to go next

• Getting started provides an overview of Docker Desktop on Mac, basic Docker command examples, how to get help or give feedback, and links to other topics about Docker Desktop on Mac.
• Troubleshooting describes common problems, workarounds, howto run and submit diagnostics, and submit issues.
• FAQs provide answers to frequently asked questions.
• Release notes lists component updates, new features, andimprovements associated with Stable releases. For information about Edge releases, seeEdge release notes.
• Get started with Docker provides a general Docker tutorial.

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